Composto estrogênicos em água para abastecimento humano: uma revisão sistemática e análise de risco.

Abstract

The environmental degradation arising from contaminants of emerging concern, especially endocrine disruptors, is a safety and sustainability problem affecting drinking water treatment and supply systems. One of the most important effects of endocrine disruptors is estrogenic activity, caused by compounds capable of imitating the activity of the natural female hormone 17β-estradiol (E2). This work aimed to analyze human health risks (non-carcinogenic) and the risk of estrogenic activity (non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic) resulting from contamination by estrogenic compounds via the consumption of human water supply. For this, a database was constructed with the concentration of the compounds, quantified in real environmental samples of human water supply systems collected in some countries through a systematic review of the literature, using StArt as an aid tool. Among the 398 scientific papers identified in the databases Web of Science® , SCOPUS® and PubMED® , 130 presented concentrations of estrogenic compounds in samples of human water supply system, and it was possible to extract the concentration of 24 papers, which attended to the eligibility criteria. Sixteen compounds were selected for risk analysis: E2, 17-ethinylestradiol, estrone, atrazine, simazine, terbuthylazine, caffeine, carbamazepine, triclosan, bisphenol A, nonylphenol, octylphenol, tolyltriazole, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, dibutyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate. Human health risk was classified as high for 17-ethinylestradiol and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, medium for dibutyl phthalate, low for bisphenol A and insignificant for the other compounds. For the same concentrations, the risk of estrogenic activity was classified as low only for the compound di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and insignificant for the other compounds. For none of the studies, the carcinogenic risk was not unacceptable. Risk analysis indicated that the risk of estrogenic activity was lower than the risk of the compound for most compounds, except for estrone and triclosan. Overall, the study identified that the calculated risks were insignificant for most compounds in the countries considered in the review. However, with regard to estrogenic activity, it is important to calculate and evaluate the risk of estrogenic activity considering the mixture since the presence of more than one compound can change the actual risk.